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kawipiko/documentation/readme/benchmarks.rst
Ciprian Dorin Craciun 09c0edffcf [documentation] Minor updates.
2023-03-05 15:45:19 +02:00

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#############################################
kawipiko -- blazingly fast static HTTP server
#############################################
Benchmarks
==========
.. contents::
:depth: 2
:local:
:backlinks: none
--------
Summary
-------
.. important::
Last updated in December 2021!
Bottom line (**even on my 6 years old laptop**),
using only 1 core with 2 hyperthreads
(one core for the server, and a separate core for the load generator),
with HTTP Keep-Alive capped at 256k requests per connection:
* under normal conditions (16 concurrent connections),
I get around 105k requests / second,
at about 0.4ms latency for 99% of the requests;
* under normal conditions (64 concurrent connections),
I get around 107k requests / second,
at about 1.5ms latency for 99% of the requests;
* under light stress conditions (128 concurrent connections),
I get around 110k requests / second,
at about 3.0ms latency for 99% of the requests;
* under medium stress conditions (512 concurrent connections),
I get around 104k requests / second,
at about 9.3ms latency for 99% of the requests
(meanwhile the average is under 5.0ms);
* under high stress conditions (2048 concurrent connections),
I get around 103k requests / second,
at about 240ms latency for 99% of the requests
(meanwhile the average is under 20ms);
* under extreme stress conditions (16384 concurrent connections)
(i.e. someone tries to DDOS the server),
I get around 90k requests / second,
at about 3.1s latency for 99% of the requests
(meanwhile the average is under 200ms);
* **the performance is at least on-par with NGinx**;
however, especially for a real world scenarios
(i.e. thousand of small files, accessed in a random patterns),
I believe ``kawipiko`` fares much better;
(not to mention how simple it is to configure and deploy ``kawipiko`` as compared to NGinx,
which took a lot of time, fiddling, and trial and error to get it right;)
Regarding HTTPS, my initial benchmarks
(only covering plain HTTPS with HTTP/1)
seem to indicate that ``kawipiko`` is at least on-par with NGinx.
Regarding HTTP/2, my initial benchmarks
seem to indicate that ``kawipiko``'s performance is 6 times less than plain HTTPS with HTTP/1
(mainly due to the unoptimized Go ``net/http`` implementation).
In this regard NGinx is much better, having a HTTP/2 performance similar to plain HTTPS with HTTP/1.
Regarding HTTP/3, given that the QUIC library is still experimental,
my initial benchmarks seem to indicate that ``kawipiko``'s performance is quite poor
(at about 5k requests / second).
--------
Performance
-----------
.. important::
Last updated in August 2018!
The results are based on an older version of ``kawipiko``;
the current version is at least 10% more efficient.
The methodology used is described in a `dedicated section <#methodology>`__.
Performance values
..................
.. note ::
Please note that the values under *Thread Stats* are reported per thread.
Therefore it is best to look at the first two values, i.e. *Requests/sec*.
* ``kawipiko``, 16 connections / 2 server threads / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 111720.73
Transfer/sec: 18.01MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
2 threads and 16 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 139.36us 60.27us 1.88ms 64.91%
Req/Sec 56.14k 713.04 57.60k 91.36%
Latency Distribution
50% 143.00us 75% 184.00us
90% 212.00us 99% 261.00us
3362742 requests in 30.10s, 541.98MB read
* ``kawipiko``, 128 connections / 2 server threads / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 118811.41
Transfer/sec: 19.15MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
2 threads and 128 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 1.03ms 705.69us 19.53ms 63.54%
Req/Sec 59.71k 1.69k 61.70k 96.67%
Latency Distribution
50% 0.99ms 75% 1.58ms
90% 1.89ms 99% 2.42ms
3564527 requests in 30.00s, 574.50MB read
* ``kawipiko``, 512 connections / 2 server threads / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 106698.89
Transfer/sec: 17.20MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
2 threads and 512 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 4.73ms 3.89ms 39.32ms 39.74%
Req/Sec 53.71k 1.73k 69.18k 84.33%
Latency Distribution
50% 4.96ms 75% 8.63ms
90% 9.19ms 99% 10.30ms
3206540 requests in 30.05s, 516.80MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 105, write 0, timeout 0
* ``kawipiko``, 2048 connections / 2 server threads / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 100296.65
Transfer/sec: 16.16MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
2 threads and 2048 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 45.42ms 85.14ms 987.70ms 88.62%
Req/Sec 50.61k 5.59k 70.14k 71.74%
Latency Distribution
50% 16.30ms 75% 28.44ms
90% 147.60ms 99% 417.40ms
3015868 requests in 30.07s, 486.07MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 128, write 0, timeout 86
* ``kawipiko``, 4096 connections / 2 server threads / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 95628.34
Transfer/sec: 15.41MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
2 threads and 4096 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 90.50ms 146.08ms 999.65ms 88.49%
Req/Sec 48.27k 6.09k 66.05k 76.34%
Latency Distribution
50% 23.31ms 75% 112.06ms
90% 249.41ms 99% 745.94ms
2871404 requests in 30.03s, 462.79MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 27, write 0, timeout 4449
* ``kawipiko``, 16384 connections / 2 server threads / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 53548.52
Transfer/sec: 8.63MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
2 threads and 16384 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 206.21ms 513.75ms 6.00s 92.56%
Req/Sec 31.37k 5.68k 44.44k 76.13%
Latency Distribution
50% 35.38ms 75% 62.78ms
90% 551.33ms 99% 2.82s
1611294 requests in 30.09s, 259.69MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 115, write 0, timeout 2288
Performance notes
.................
* the machine was my personal laptop,
with an Intel Core i7 3667U (2 physical cores times 2 hyper-threads each),
and with 8 GiB of RAM;
* the ``kawipiko-server`` was started with ``--processes 1 --threads 2``;
(i.e. 2 threads handling the requests;)
* the ``kawipiko-server`` was started with ``--archive-inmem``;
(i.e. the CDB database file was preloaded into memory, thus no disk IO;)
* the ``kawipiko-server`` was started with ``--security-headers-disable``;
(because these headers are not set by default by other HTTP servers;)
* the ``kawipiko-server`` was started with ``--timeout-disable``;
(because, due to a known Go issue, using ``net.Conn.SetDeadline`` has an impact of about 20% of the raw performance;
thus the reported values above might be about 10%-15% smaller when used with timeouts;)
* the benchmarking tool was ``wrk``;
* both ``kawipiko-server`` and ``wrk`` tools were run on the same machine;
* both ``kawipiko-server`` and ``wrk`` tools were pinned on different physical cores;
* the benchmark was run over loopback networking (i.e. ``127.0.0.1``);
* the served file contains ``Hello World!``;
* the protocol was HTTP (i.e. no TLS), with keep-alive;
* both the CDB and the NGinx folder were put on ``tmpfs``
(which implies that the disk is not a limiting factor);
(in fact ``kawipiko`` performs quite well even on spinning disks due to careful storage management;)
--------
Comparisons
-----------
.. important::
Last updated in August 2019!
The results are based on an older version of ``kawipiko``;
the current version is at least 10% more efficient.
The methodology used is described in a `dedicated section <#methodology>`__.
Comparisons with NGinx
......................
* NGinx, 512 connections / 2 worker processes / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 79816.08
Transfer/sec: 20.02MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt
2 threads and 512 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 6.07ms 1.90ms 19.83ms 71.67%
Req/Sec 40.17k 1.16k 43.35k 69.83%
Latency Distribution
50% 6.13ms 75% 6.99ms
90% 8.51ms 99% 11.10ms
2399069 requests in 30.06s, 601.73MB read
* NGinx, 2048 connections / 2 worker processes / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 78211.46
Transfer/sec: 19.62MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt
2 threads and 2048 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 27.11ms 20.27ms 490.12ms 97.76%
Req/Sec 39.45k 2.45k 49.98k 70.74%
Latency Distribution
50% 24.80ms 75% 29.67ms
90% 34.99ms 99% 126.97ms
2351933 requests in 30.07s, 589.90MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 11
* NGinx, 4096 connections / 2 worker processes / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 75970.82
Transfer/sec: 19.05MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt
2 threads and 4096 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 70.25ms 73.68ms 943.82ms 87.21%
Req/Sec 38.37k 3.79k 49.06k 70.30%
Latency Distribution
50% 46.37ms 75% 58.28ms
90% 179.08ms 99% 339.05ms
2282223 requests in 30.04s, 572.42MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 187
* NGinx, 16384 connections / 2 worker processes / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 43909.67
Transfer/sec: 11.01MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt
2 threads and 16384 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 223.87ms 551.14ms 5.94s 92.92%
Req/Sec 32.95k 13.35k 51.56k 76.71%
Latency Distribution
50% 32.62ms 75% 222.93ms
90% 558.04ms 99% 3.17s
1320562 requests in 30.07s, 331.22MB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 12596, write 34, timeout 1121
* the NGinx configuration file can be found in the `examples folder <../examples/nginx>`__;
the configuration was obtained after many experiments to squeeze out of NGinx as much performance as possible,
given the targeted use-case, namely many small files;
* moreover NGinx seems to be quite sensitive to the actual path requested:
* if one requests ``http://127.0.0.1:8080/``,
and one has configured NGinx to look for ``index.txt``,
and that file actually exists,
the performance is quite a bit lower than just asking for that file;
(perhaps it issues more syscalls searching for the index file;)
* if one requests ``http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt``,
as mentioned above, it achieves the higher performance;
(perhaps it issues fewer syscalls;)
* if one requests ``http://127.0.0.1:8080/does-not-exist``,
it seems to achieve the best performance;
(perhaps it issues the least amount of syscalls;)
(however this is not an actual useful corner-case;)
* it must be noted that ``kawipiko`` doesn't exhibit this behaviour,
the same performance is achieved regardless of the path variant;
* therefore the benchmarks above use ``/index.txt`` as opposed to ``/``,
in order not to disfavour NGinx;
Comparisons with others
.......................
* ``darkhttpd``, 512 connections / 1 server process / 2 ``wrk`` threads: ::
Requests/sec: 38191.65
Transfer/sec: 8.74MB
Running 30s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt
2 threads and 512 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 17.51ms 17.30ms 223.22ms 78.55%
Req/Sec 9.62k 1.94k 17.01k 72.98%
Latency Distribution
50% 7.51ms 75% 32.51ms
90% 45.69ms 99% 53.00ms
1148067 requests in 30.06s, 262.85MB read
--------
OpenStreetMap tiles
-------------------
.. important::
Last updated in August 2019!
The results are based on an older version of ``kawipiko``;
the current version is at least 10% more efficient.
The methodology used is described in a `dedicated section <#methodology>`__.
Scenario notes
..............
As a benchmark much closer to the "real world" use-cases for ``kawipiko`` I've done the following:
* downloaded from OpenStreetMap servers all tiles for my home town
(from zoom level 0 to zoom level 19), which resulted in:
* around ~250k PNG files totaling ~330 MiB;
* with an average of 1.3 KiB and a median of 103B;
(i.e. lots of extreemly small files;)
* occupying actualy around 1.1 GiB of storage (on Ext4) due to file-system overheads;
* created a CDB archive, which resulted in:
* a single file totaling ~376 MiB (both "apparent" and "occupied" storage);
(i.e. no storage space wasted;)
* which contains only ~100k PNG files, due to elimination of duplicate PNG files;
(i.e. at higher zoom levels, the tiles start to repeat;)
* listed all the available tiles, and benchmarked both ``kawipiko`` and NGinx,
with 16k concurrent connections;
* the methodology is the same one described above,
with the following changes:
* the machine used was my desktop,
with an Intel Core i7 4770 (4 physical cores times 2 hyper-threads each),
and with 32 GiB of RAM;
* the files (both CDB and tiles folder) were put in ``tmpfs``;
* both ``kawipiko``, NGinx and ``wrk``
were configured to use 8 threads,
and were pinned on two separate physical cores each;
* (the machine had almost nothing running on it except the minimal required services;)
Results notes
.............
Based on my benchmark the following are my findings:
* ``kawipiko`` outperformed NGinx by ~25% in requests / second;
* ``kawipiko`` outperformed NGinx by ~29% in average response latency;
* ``kawipiko`` outperformed NGinx by ~40% in 90-percentile response latency;
* ``kawipiko`` used ~6% less CPU while serving requests for 2 minutes;
* ``kawipiko`` used ~25% less CPU per request;
* NGinx used the least amount of RAM,
meanwhile ``kawipiko`` used around 1 GiB of RAM
(due to either in RAM loading or ``mmap`` usage);
Results values
..............
* ``kawipiko`` with ``--archive-inmem`` and ``--index-all`` (1 process, 8 threads): ::
Requests/sec: 238499.86
Transfer/sec: 383.59MB
Running 2m test @ http://127.9.185.194:8080/
8 threads and 16384 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 195.39ms 412.84ms 5.99s 92.33%
Req/Sec 30.65k 10.20k 213.08k 79.41%
Latency Distribution
50% 28.02ms 75% 221.17ms
90% 472.41ms 99% 2.19s
28640139 requests in 2.00m, 44.98GB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 7032
* ``kawipiko`` with ``--archive-mmap`` (1 process, 8 threads): ::
Requests/sec: 237239.35
Transfer/sec: 381.72MB
Running 2m test @ http://127.9.185.194:8080/
8 threads and 16384 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 210.44ms 467.84ms 6.00s 92.57%
Req/Sec 30.77k 12.29k 210.17k 86.67%
Latency Distribution
50% 26.51ms 75% 221.63ms
90% 494.93ms 99% 2.67s
28489533 requests in 2.00m, 44.77GB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 10730
* ``kawipiko`` with ``--archive-mmap`` (8 processes, 1 thread): ::
Requests/sec: 248266.83
Transfer/sec: 399.29MB
Running 2m test @ http://127.9.185.194:8080/
8 threads and 16384 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 209.30ms 469.05ms 5.98s 92.25%
Req/Sec 31.86k 8.58k 83.99k 69.93%
Latency Distribution
50% 23.08ms 75% 215.28ms
90% 502.80ms 99% 2.64s
29816650 requests in 2.00m, 46.83GB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 0, write 0, timeout 15244
* NGinx (8 worker processes): ::
Requests/sec: 188255.32
Transfer/sec: 302.88MB
Running 2m test @ http://127.9.185.194:8080/
8 threads and 16384 connections
Thread Stats Avg Stdev Max +/- Stdev
Latency 266.18ms 538.72ms 5.93s 90.78%
Req/Sec 24.15k 8.34k 106.48k 74.56%
Latency Distribution
50% 34.34ms 75% 253.57ms
90% 750.29ms 99% 2.97s
22607727 requests in 2.00m, 35.52GB read
Socket errors: connect 0, read 109, write 0, timeout 16833
--------
Methodology
-----------
* get the ``kawipiko`` executables (either `download <./installation.rst#download-prebuilt-executables>`__ or `build <./installation.rst#build-from-sources>`__ them);
* get the ``hello-world.cdb`` (from the `examples <../examples>`__ folder inside the repository);
* install NGinx and ``wrk`` from the distribution packages;
Single process / single threaded
................................
* this scenario will yield a base-line performance per core;
* execute the server (in-memory and indexed)
(i.e. the *best case scenario*): ::
kawipiko-server \
--bind 127.0.0.1:8080 \
--archive ./hello-world.cdb \
--archive-inmem \
--index-all \
--processes 1 \
--threads 1 \
#
* execute the server (memory mapped)
(i.e. the *the recommended scenario*): ::
kawipiko-server \
--bind 127.0.0.1:8080 \
--archive ./hello-world.cdb \
--archive-mmap \
--processes 1 \
--threads 1 \
#
Single process / two threads
............................
* this scenario is the usual setup;
configure ``--threads`` to equal the number of logical cores
(i.e. multiply the number of physical cores with
the number of hyper-threads per physical core);
* execute the server (memory mapped): ::
kawipiko-server \
--bind 127.0.0.1:8080 \
--archive ./hello-world.cdb \
--archive-mmap \
--processes 1 \
--threads 2 \
#
Load generators
...............
* ``wrk``, 512 concurrent connections, handled by 2 threads: ::
wrk \
--threads 2 \
--connections 512 \
--timeout 1s \
--duration 30s \
--latency \
http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt \
#
* ``wrk``, 4096 concurrent connections, handled by 2 threads: ::
wrk \
--threads 2 \
--connections 4096 \
--timeout 1s \
--duration 30s \
--latency \
http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.txt \
#
Methodology notes
.................
* the number of threads for the server plus for ``wrk`` shouldn't be larger than the number of available cores;
(or use different machines for the server and the client;)
* also take into account that by default the number of file descriptors
on most UNIX / Linux systems is 1024,
therefore if you want to try with more connections than 1000,
you need to raise this limit;
(see bellow;)
* additionally, you can try to pin the server and ``wrk`` to specific cores,
increase various priorities (scheduling, IO, etc.);
(given that Intel processors have hyper-threading which appear to the OS as individual cores, you should make sure that you pin each process on cores part of the same physical processor / core;)
* pinning the server (cores ``0`` and ``1`` are mapped on the physical core ``1``): ::
sudo -u root -n -E -P -- \
\
taskset -c 0,1 \
nice -n -19 -- \
ionice -c 2 -n 0 -- \
chrt -r 10 \
prlimit -n262144 -- \
\
sudo -u "${USER}" -n -E -P -- \
\
kawipiko-server \
... \
#
* pinning the client (cores ``2`` and ``3`` are mapped on the physical core ``2``): ::
sudo -u root -n -E -P -- \
\
taskset -c 2,3 \
nice -n -19 -- \
ionice -c 2 -n 0 -- \
chrt -r 10 \
prlimit -n262144 -- \
\
sudo -u "${USER}" -n -E -P -- \
\
wrk \
... \
#
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