Refactoring: Clarify complex Permission queries

This commit was prepared to facilitate a larger refactoring assignment
as part of the Pundit migration.

As a bonus, it includes some SQL query optimizations!

=== Why was this refactoring necessary?

It's not, strictly speaking.
But the Pundit migration involves taking complex querying logic
and moving it into Scope classes as appropriate,
and deciding where things belong is really difficult
when you can't see what they're doing.

=== So how does this refactoring fix the problem?

* It replaces raw SQL queries with Ruby-esque ActiveRecord queries.
* It replaces complex, procedural code
  that's full of loops and obscure local variable assignment
  with compact, cleanly-formatted code
  that follows Ruby idioms and uses meaningful variable names.

In my opinion, it's much faster and easier
to understand what the code does this way.

=== What kinds of SQL query optimizations are included?

* n+1 query: user_access_token#index instantiated all active permissions
  and then called current_user.permissions? on _every single one._
  A fresh installation of Zammad contains 57 permissions,
  so this was a lot of unnecessary queries.

  The method has been rewritten to make only one query instead.

* User#permissions? used to query the DB once
  for each argument it was given.
  Now, it only queries the DB once, even when given many arguments.

* We had a couple SQL queries that used both #select and #pluck.
  (When using #pluck, #select is redundant.)
  Removing #select from these calls did not improve performance,
  but it did clean up unnecessary code.

app/controllers/user_access_token_controller.rb

@@ -27,42 +27,28 @@ curl http://localhost/api/v1/user_access_token -v -u #{login}:#{password}
 =end
 
   def index
-    tokens = Token.where(action: 'api', persistent: true, user_id: current_user.id).order(updated_at: :desc, label: :asc)
-    token_list = []
-    tokens.each do |token|
-      attributes = token.attributes
-      attributes.delete('persistent')
-      attributes.delete('name')
-      token_list.push attributes
-    end
-    local_permissions = current_user.permissions
-    local_permissions_new = {}
-    local_permissions.each_key do |key|
-      keys = ::Permission.with_parents(key)
-      keys.each do |local_key|
-        next if local_permissions_new.key?([local_key])
+    tokens = Token.select(Token.column_names - %w[persistent name])
+                  .where(action: 'api', persistent: true, user_id: current_user.id)
+                  .order(updated_at: :desc, label: :asc)
 
-        if local_permissions[local_key] == true
-          local_permissions_new[local_key] = true
-          next
-        end
-        local_permissions_new[local_key] = false
-      end
-    end
-    permissions = []
-    Permission.all.where(active: true).order(:name).each do |permission|
-      next if !local_permissions_new.key?(permission.name) && !current_user.permissions?(permission.name)
+    base_query       = Permission.order(:name).where(active: true)
+    permission_names = current_user.permissions.keys
+    ancestor_names   = permission_names.flat_map { |name| Permission.with_parents(name) }.uniq -
+                       permission_names
+    descendant_names = permission_names.map { |name| "#{name}.%" }
 
-      permission_attributes = permission.attributes
-      if local_permissions_new[permission.name] == false
-        permission_attributes['preferences']['disabled'] = true
-      end
-      permissions.push permission_attributes
+    permissions = base_query.where(name: [*ancestor_names, *permission_names])
+
+    descendant_names.each do |name|
+      permissions = permissions.or(base_query.where('permissions.name LIKE ?', name))
     end
 
+    permissions.select { |permission| permission.name.in?(ancestor_names) }
+               .each { |permission| permission.preferences['disabled'] = true }
+
     render json: {
-      tokens:      token_list,
-      permissions: permissions,
+      tokens:      tokens.map(&:attributes),
+      permissions: permissions.map(&:attributes),
     }, status: :ok
   end
 

app/models/user.rb

@@ -392,13 +392,12 @@ returns
 =end
 
   def permissions
-    list = {}
-    ::Permission.select('permissions.name, permissions.preferences').joins(:roles).where('roles.id IN (?) AND permissions.active = ?', role_ids, true).pluck(:name, :preferences).each do |permission|
-      next if permission[1]['selectable'] == false
-
-      list[permission[0]] = true
-    end
-    list
+    ::Permission.joins(roles: :users)
+                .where(users: { id: id }, roles: { active: true }, active: true)
+                .pluck(:name, :preferences)
+                .each_with_object({}) do |(name, preferences), hash|
+                  hash[name] = true if preferences['selectable'] != false
+                end
   end
 
 =begin
@@ -419,23 +418,24 @@ returns
 
 =end
 
-  def permissions?(key)
-    Array(key).each do |local_key|
-      list = []
-      if local_key.end_with?('.*')
-        local_key = local_key.sub('.*', '.%')
-        permissions = ::Permission.with_parents(local_key)
-        list = ::Permission.select('preferences').joins(:roles).where('roles.id IN (?) AND roles.active = ? AND (permissions.name IN (?) OR permissions.name LIKE ?) AND permissions.active = ?', role_ids, true, permissions, local_key, true).pluck(:preferences)
-      else
-        permission = ::Permission.lookup(name: local_key)
-        break if permission&.active == false
+  def permissions?(names)
+    base_query = ::Permission.joins(roles: :users)
+                             .where(users: { id: id })
+                             .where(roles: { active: true })
+                             .where(active: true)
 
-        permissions = ::Permission.with_parents(local_key)
-        list = ::Permission.select('preferences').joins(:roles).where('roles.id IN (?) AND roles.active = ? AND permissions.name IN (?) AND permissions.active = ?', role_ids, true, permissions, true).pluck(:preferences)
-      end
-      return true if list.present?
+    permission_names = Array(names).reject { |name| ::Permission.lookup(name: name)&.active == false }
+    verbatim_names   = permission_names.flat_map { |name| ::Permission.with_parents(name) }.uniq
+    wildcard_names   = permission_names.select { |name| name.end_with?('.*') }
+                                       .map { |name| name.sub('.*', '.%') }
+
+    permissions = base_query.where(name: verbatim_names)
+
+    wildcard_names.each do |name|
+      permissions = permissions.or(base_query.where('permissions.name LIKE ?', name))
     end
-    false
+
+    permissions.exists?
   end
 
 =begin

spec/models/user_spec.rb

@@ -369,6 +369,52 @@ RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
       end
     end
 
+    describe '#permissions' do
+      let(:user) { create(:agent).tap { |u| u.roles = [u.roles.first] } }
+      let(:role) { user.roles.first }
+      let(:permissions) { role.permissions }
+
+      it 'returns a hash of <permissions> => true' do
+        expect(user.permissions).to eq(permissions.each.with_object({}) { |p, hash| hash[p.name] = true })
+      end
+
+      shared_examples 'for omissions' do
+        it 'omits them from the returned hash' do
+          expect(user.permissions.keys).not_to include(*omitted_permissions.map(&:name))
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'for permissions that do not belong to this user' do
+        let(:omitted_permissions) { Permission.all - permissions }
+
+        include_examples 'for omissions'
+      end
+
+      context 'for inactive permissions' do
+        before { omitted_permissions.each { |p| p.update(active: false) } }
+
+        let!(:omitted_permissions) { permissions.first(1) }
+
+        include_examples 'for omissions'
+      end
+
+      context 'for permissions on inactive roles' do
+        before { role.update(active: false) }
+
+        let(:omitted_permissions) { permissions }
+
+        include_examples 'for omissions'
+      end
+
+      context 'for permissions with !preferences["selectable"]' do
+        before { omitted_permissions.each { |p| p.update(preferences: { selectable: false }) } }
+
+        let(:omitted_permissions) { permissions.first(1) }
+
+        include_examples 'for omissions'
+      end
+    end
+
     describe '#permissions?' do
       subject(:user) { create(:user, roles: [role]) }