diff --git a/app/controllers/search_controller.rb b/app/controllers/search_controller.rb
index 1d0f7ba47..1a2aba132 100644
--- a/app/controllers/search_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/search_controller.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class SearchController < ApplicationController
         items = SearchIndexBackend.search(query, objects_with_direct_search_index, limit: limit)
         items.each do |item|
           require_dependency item[:type].to_filename
-          local_class = Kernel.const_get(item[:type])
+          local_class = item[:type].constantize
           record = local_class.lookup(id: item[:id])
           next if !record
 
diff --git a/app/controllers/user_access_token_controller.rb b/app/controllers/user_access_token_controller.rb
index 123ba2785..4ba010106 100644
--- a/app/controllers/user_access_token_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/user_access_token_controller.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ curl http://localhost/api/v1/user_access_token -v -u #{login}:#{password}
     local_permissions = current_user.permissions
     local_permissions_new = {}
     local_permissions.each_key do |key|
-      keys = Object.const_get('Permission').with_parents(key)
+      keys = ::Permission.with_parents(key)
       keys.each do |local_key|
         next if local_permissions_new.key?([local_key])
 
diff --git a/app/models/application_model/can_assets.rb b/app/models/application_model/can_assets.rb
index c1f084390..411e37c97 100644
--- a/app/models/application_model/can_assets.rb
+++ b/app/models/application_model/can_assets.rb
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ get assets of object list
     def assets_of_object_list(list, assets = {})
       list.each do |item|
         require_dependency item['object'].to_filename
-        record = Kernel.const_get(item['object']).find(item['o_id'])
+        record = item['object'].constantize.find(item['o_id'])
         assets = record.assets(assets)
         if item['created_by_id'].present?
           user = User.find(item['created_by_id'])
diff --git a/app/models/application_model/can_touch_references.rb b/app/models/application_model/can_touch_references.rb
index 18037f927..f6a5c4433 100644
--- a/app/models/application_model/can_touch_references.rb
+++ b/app/models/application_model/can_touch_references.rb
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ touch references by params
 =end
 
     def touch_reference_by_params(data)
-
-      object_class = Kernel.const_get(data[:object])
-      object = object_class.lookup(id: data[:o_id])
+      object = data[:object].constantize.lookup(id: data[:o_id])
       return if !object
 
       object.touch # rubocop:disable Rails/SkipsModelValidations
diff --git a/app/models/channel.rb b/app/models/channel.rb
index cd39c781e..6b378b197 100644
--- a/app/models/channel.rb
+++ b/app/models/channel.rb
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ load channel driver and return class
     # http://stem.ps/rails/2015/01/25/ruby-gotcha-toplevel-constant-referenced-by.html
     require_dependency "channel/driver/#{adapter.to_filename}"
 
-    Object.const_get("::Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}")
+    "::Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}".constantize
   end
 
 =begin
diff --git a/app/models/channel/email_parser.rb b/app/models/channel/email_parser.rb
index ea1f09677..5d39ab21e 100644
--- a/app/models/channel/email_parser.rb
+++ b/app/models/channel/email_parser.rb
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ returns
     # run postmaster post filter
     filters = {}
     Setting.where(area: 'Postmaster::PostFilter').order(:name).each do |setting|
-      filters[setting.name] = Kernel.const_get(Setting.get(setting.name))
+      filters[setting.name] = Setting.get(setting.name).constantize
     end
     filters.each_value do |backend|
       Rails.logger.debug { "run postmaster post filter #{backend}" }
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ returns
     key_short = attribute[ attribute.length - 3, attribute.length ]
     return true if key_short != '_id'
 
-    class_object = Object.const_get(class_name.to_classname)
+    class_object = class_name.to_classname.constantize
     return if !class_object
 
     class_instance = class_object.new
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/has_history.rb b/app/models/concerns/has_history.rb
index 46bcbc528..2ea369468 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/has_history.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/has_history.rb
@@ -213,12 +213,12 @@ returns
     # get related objects
     history = History.list(self.class.name, self['id'], relation_object, true)
     history[:list].each do |item|
-      record = Kernel.const_get(item['object']).find(item['o_id'])
+      record = item['object'].constantize.find(item['o_id'])
 
       history[:assets] = record.assets(history[:assets])
 
       if item['related_object']
-        record = Kernel.const_get(item['related_object']).find(item['related_o_id'])
+        record = item['related_object'].constantize.find(item['related_o_id'])
         history[:assets] = record.assets(history[:assets])
       end
     end
diff --git a/app/models/external_credential.rb b/app/models/external_credential.rb
index 829679373..9efd8627b 100644
--- a/app/models/external_credential.rb
+++ b/app/models/external_credential.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class ExternalCredential < ApplicationModel
   def self.load_backend(provider)
     adapter = "ExternalCredential::#{provider.camelcase}"
     require_dependency adapter.to_filename.to_s
-    load_adapter(adapter)
+    adapter.constantize
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/app/models/object_manager/attribute.rb b/app/models/object_manager/attribute.rb
index e44eaba2b..088eb2bd4 100644
--- a/app/models/object_manager/attribute.rb
+++ b/app/models/object_manager/attribute.rb
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ to send no browser reload event, pass false
     execute_db_count = 0
     execute_config_count = 0
     migrations.each do |attribute|
-      model = Kernel.const_get(attribute.object_lookup.name)
+      model = attribute.object_lookup.name.constantize
 
       # remove field
       if attribute.to_delete
diff --git a/app/models/observer/transaction.rb b/app/models/observer/transaction.rb
index da35c64cb..8cc0e26cf 100644
--- a/app/models/observer/transaction.rb
+++ b/app/models/observer/transaction.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class Observer::Transaction < ActiveRecord::Observer
       backend = Setting.get(setting.name)
       next if params[:disable]&.include?(backend)
 
-      sync_backends.push Kernel.const_get(backend)
+      sync_backends.push backend.constantize
     end
 
     # get uniq objects
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class Observer::Transaction < ActiveRecord::Observer
       end
 
       # get current state of objects
-      object = Kernel.const_get(event[:object]).find_by(id: event[:id])
+      object = event[:object].constantize.find_by(id: event[:id])
 
       # next if object is already deleted
       next if !object
diff --git a/app/models/stats_store/search_index.rb b/app/models/stats_store/search_index.rb
index 73600834f..386fdadfc 100644
--- a/app/models/stats_store/search_index.rb
+++ b/app/models/stats_store/search_index.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ module StatsStore::SearchIndex
     return if !attributes
 
     begin
-      return if !Kernel.const_get(attributes['stats_store_object'])
-
-      record = Kernel.const_get(attributes['stats_store_object']).lookup(id: o_id)
+      record = attributes['stats_store_object'].constantize.lookup(id: o_id)
       return if !record
 
       attributes['stats_store_object_ref'] = record.search_index_attribute_lookup
diff --git a/app/models/store/file.rb b/app/models/store/file.rb
index 7817b03df..c084ca338 100644
--- a/app/models/store/file.rb
+++ b/app/models/store/file.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ do also verify of written data
           raise 'Missing storage_provider setting option'
         end
 
-        adapter = load_adapter("Store::Provider::#{adapter_name}")
+        adapter = "Store::Provider::#{adapter_name}".constantize
         adapter.add(data, sha)
         file = Store::File.create(
           provider: adapter_name,
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ read content of a file
 =end
 
     def content
-      adapter = self.class.load_adapter("Store::Provider::#{provider}")
-      adapter.get(sha)
+      "Store::Provider::#{provider}".constantize.get(sha)
     end
 
 =begin
@@ -117,8 +116,8 @@ nice move to keep system responsive
 =end
 
     def self.move(source, target, delay = nil)
-      adapter_source = load_adapter("Store::Provider::#{source}")
-      adapter_target = load_adapter("Store::Provider::#{target}")
+      adapter_source = "Store::Provider::#{source}".constantize
+      adapter_target = "Store::Provider::#{target}".constantize
 
       file_ids = Store::File.all.pluck(:id)
       file_ids.each do |item_id|
@@ -146,8 +145,7 @@ nice move to keep system responsive
     private
 
     def destroy_provider
-      adapter = self.class.load_adapter("Store::Provider::#{provider}")
-      adapter.delete(sha)
+      "Store::Provider::#{provider}".constantize.delete(sha)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/ticket/number.rb b/app/models/ticket/number.rb
index 58fee6bc5..66070816c 100644
--- a/app/models/ticket/number.rb
+++ b/app/models/ticket/number.rb
@@ -46,15 +46,8 @@ returns
 
     # load backend based on config
     adapter_name = Setting.get('ticket_number')
-    if !adapter_name
-      raise 'Missing ticket_number setting option'
-    end
+    raise 'Missing ticket_number setting option' if !adapter_name
 
-    adapter = load_adapter(adapter_name)
-    if !adapter
-      raise "Can't load ticket_number adapter '#{adapter_name}'"
-    end
-
-    adapter
+    adapter_name.constantize
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/transaction/background_job.rb b/app/models/transaction/background_job.rb
index f0f4a57ec..5b7680f20 100644
--- a/app/models/transaction/background_job.rb
+++ b/app/models/transaction/background_job.rb
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ class Transaction::BackgroundJob
       backend = Setting.get(setting.name)
       next if @params[:disable]&.include?(backend)
 
-      backend = Kernel.const_get(backend)
-      Observer::Transaction.execute_singel_backend(backend, @item, @params)
+      Observer::Transaction.execute_singel_backend(backend.constantize, @item, @params)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/application_lib.rb b/lib/application_lib.rb
index 7b3ace036..87a857a40 100644
--- a/lib/application_lib.rb
+++ b/lib/application_lib.rb
@@ -21,42 +21,7 @@ returns
       adapter = Setting.get(setting)
       return if adapter.blank?
 
-      # load backend
-      load_adapter(adapter)
-    end
-
-=begin
-
-load adapter
-
-  result = self.load_adapter('Some::Classname')
-
-returns
-
-  result = Some::Classname
-
-=end
-
-    def load_adapter(adapter)
-
-      # load adapter
-
-      # will only work on ruby 2.0
-      #Object.const_get(adapter)
-
-      # will work on ruby 1.9 and 2.0
-      #adapter.split('::').inject(Object) do |mod, class_name|
-      #    mod.const_get(class_name)
-      #end
-
-      # will work with active_support
-      adapter = adapter.constantize
-
-      if !adapter
-        raise "Can't load adapter '#{adapter_name}'"
-      end
-
-      adapter
+      adapter.constantize
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/auth.rb b/lib/auth.rb
index ad9dda285..417cd98d2 100644
--- a/lib/auth.rb
+++ b/lib/auth.rb
@@ -107,11 +107,7 @@ returns
   def self.backend_validates?(config:, user:, password:)
     return false if !config[:adapter]
 
-    # load backend
-    backend = load_adapter(config[:adapter])
-    return false if !backend
-
-    instance = backend.new(config)
+    instance = config[:adapter].constantize.new(config)
 
     instance.valid?(user, password)
   end
diff --git a/lib/auto_wizard.rb b/lib/auto_wizard.rb
index 707cc37dd..b652fb372 100644
--- a/lib/auto_wizard.rb
+++ b/lib/auto_wizard.rb
@@ -97,9 +97,8 @@ returns
       next if !auto_wizard_hash[map_name]
 
       auto_wizard_hash[map_name].each do |data|
-        generic_object = Kernel.const_get(model)
         data.symbolize_keys!
-        generic_object.create_or_update_with_ref(data)
+        model.constantize.create_or_update_with_ref(data)
       end
     end
 
@@ -141,9 +140,8 @@ returns
       next if !auto_wizard_hash[map_name]
 
       auto_wizard_hash[map_name].each do |data|
-        generic_object = Kernel.const_get(model)
         data.symbolize_keys!
-        generic_object.create_or_update_with_ref(data)
+        model.constantize.create_or_update_with_ref(data)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/calendar_subscriptions.rb b/lib/calendar_subscriptions.rb
index 47d9effbc..2569aa735 100644
--- a/lib/calendar_subscriptions.rb
+++ b/lib/calendar_subscriptions.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class CalendarSubscriptions
     events_data = []
     if @preferences[ object_name ].present?
       sub_class_name = object_name.to_s.capitalize
-      object         = Object.const_get("CalendarSubscriptions::#{sub_class_name}")
+      object         = "CalendarSubscriptions::#{sub_class_name}".constantize
       instance       = object.new(@user, @preferences[ object_name ])
       method         = instance.method(method_name)
       events_data += method.call
diff --git a/lib/email_helper/probe.rb b/lib/email_helper/probe.rb
index fcdad877a..4e7b9d5c6 100644
--- a/lib/email_helper/probe.rb
+++ b/lib/email_helper/probe.rb
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ returns on fail
       begin
         require_dependency "channel/driver/#{adapter.to_filename}"
 
-        driver_class    = Object.const_get("Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}")
+        driver_class    = "Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}".constantize
         driver_instance = driver_class.new
         result_inbound  = driver_instance.fetch(params[:options], nil, 'check')
       rescue => e
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ returns on fail
       begin
         require_dependency "channel/driver/#{adapter.to_filename}"
 
-        driver_class    = Object.const_get("Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}")
+        driver_class    = "Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}".constantize
         driver_instance = driver_class.new
         driver_instance.send(
           params[:options],
diff --git a/lib/email_helper/verify.rb b/lib/email_helper/verify.rb
index c05f54d7a..517614b48 100644
--- a/lib/email_helper/verify.rb
+++ b/lib/email_helper/verify.rb
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ or
         begin
           require_dependency "channel/driver/#{adapter.to_filename}"
 
-          driver_class    = Object.const_get("Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}")
+          driver_class    = "Channel::Driver::#{adapter.to_classname}".constantize
           driver_instance = driver_class.new
           fetch_result    = driver_instance.fetch(params[:inbound][:options], self, 'verify', subject)
         rescue => e
diff --git a/lib/models.rb b/lib/models.rb
index 5b470bd89..8a74e9bfe 100644
--- a/lib/models.rb
+++ b/lib/models.rb
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ returns
 
         entry.gsub!(dir, '')
         entry = entry.to_classname
-        model_class = load_adapter(entry)
-        next if !model_class
+        model_class = entry.constantize
         next if !model_class.respond_to? :new
         next if !model_class.respond_to? :table_name
 
@@ -118,8 +117,7 @@ returns
     object_name = object_name.to_s
 
     # check if model exists
-    object_model = load_adapter(object_name)
-    object_model.find(object_id)
+    object_name.constantize.find(object_id)
 
     list       = all
     references = {}
@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@ returns
     # update references
     references = references(object_name, object_id_to_merge)
     references.each do |model, attributes|
-      model_object = Object.const_get(model)
+      model_object = model.constantize
 
       # collect items and attributes to update
       items_to_update = {}
diff --git a/lib/sessions/event.rb b/lib/sessions/event.rb
index 2fd420531..f8012c955 100644
--- a/lib/sessions/event.rb
+++ b/lib/sessions/event.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ class Sessions::Event
   include ApplicationLib
 
   def self.run(params)
-    adapter = "Sessions::Event::#{params[:event].to_classname}"
-
     begin
-      backend = load_adapter(adapter)
+      backend = "Sessions::Event::#{params[:event].to_classname}".constantize
     rescue => e
       Rails.logger.error e.inspect
       Rails.logger.error e.backtrace
diff --git a/lib/sso.rb b/lib/sso.rb
index 9f653f36c..6acae6579 100644
--- a/lib/sso.rb
+++ b/lib/sso.rb
@@ -36,11 +36,7 @@ returns
     config.each do |config_item|
       next if !config_item[:adapter]
 
-      # load backend
-      backend = load_adapter( config_item[:adapter] )
-      next if !backend
-
-      user_auth = backend.check( params, config_item )
+      user_auth = config_item[:adapter].constantize.check( params, config_item )
 
       # auth not ok
       next if !user_auth